By Antony C. Calokerinos
Professor of Analytical Chemistry
Emeritus Professor
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens
Introduction
Green shipping is a transformative approach aimed at minimizing the environmental impact of maritime operations. It encompasses a range of strategies and technologies designed to reduce carbon emissions, minimize air and water pollution, and promote ecological balance.
Chemistry is considerably supporting and developing Green Shipping by devoting a lot of original and on-going research to this target.
The benefits of Chemistry in Shipping will be outlined and shortly discussed without overlooking the contribution of all other sciences which contribute to safe and sustainable shipping.
Fuel and Energy
Carbon dioxide (CO₂) from fossil fuels is a significant contributor to global greenhouse gas emissions, which drive climate change. When fossil fuels like coal, oil, and natural gas are burned for energy, they release CO₂ into the atmosphere.
This process contributes to the greenhouse effect, where CO₂ and other gases trap heat from the sun, causing the temperature of the planet to rise.
The transportation sector, including shipping, is a major source of CO₂ emissions. Reducing reliance on fossil fuels and transitioning to cleaner energy sources are crucial steps in mitigating the impact on the environment.
This is where green shipping practices and chemistry play a vital role, aiming to reduce emissions and promote sustainability in maritime operations.
Alternative Fuels
Chemistry is at the heart of developing and implementing alternative fuels in the shipping industry. Here are some key points:
Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG)
LNG is a cleaner alternative to traditional marine fuels, reducing sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions. However, it requires specialized storage and handling facilities.
Methanol (chemical formula CH3OH)
Methanol can be produced from natural gas, biomass, or even carbon dioxide. It burns cleaner than conventional fuels and can be used in existing engines with minor modifications.
Nevertheless, it is not clear whether the amounts of methanol produced are enough for all shipping demands.
Hydrogen (chemical formula H2)
Theoretically, hydrogen can be produced from water (H2O) and during combustion it forms again water.
Therefore, it is a zero emissions fuel.
Unfortunately, the generation of hydrogen from water can only be achieved by electrolysis which requires high amounts of electrical power in the presence of expensive catalysts.
However, hydrogen storage and production are challenging and require significant infrastructure changes.
Ammonia (chemical formula NH3)
Ammonia is another zero-carbon fuel option.
It has a high energy density and can be used in internal combustion engines or fuel cells. Safety and regulatory issues are the main challenges.
Environmental Impact
Emission Reduction
Chemistry is essential in developing technologies to reduce harmful emissions from ships, such as sulfur oxides (SOx) and nitrogen oxides (NOx). This includes the use of scrubbers and catalytic converters, but they cannot reduce carbon dioxide emissions.
Water Treatment
Proper chemical treatment of ballast water and wastewater is crucial to prevent the spread of invasive species and protect marine ecosystems.
Corrosion Prevention
Material Testing
Chemistry helps in testing and selecting materials that can withstand the harsh marine environment, reducing the risk of corrosion and extending the lifespan of ships.
Protective Coatings
The development of advanced coatings and paints that prevent corrosion and biofouling is another significant application of chemistry in the maritime industry.
Recently, a lot of chemical research is devoted to developing new and safe Anti-Fouling Paints which are designed to prevent marine organisms like barnacles, algae, and mollusks from attaching to the hull. This helps maintain the ship’s speed and fuel efficiency.
Safety and Sustainability
Safety Standards
The handling and storage of hazardous chemicals, such as ammonia, require strict safety standards and measures to prevent accidents and ensure the safety of crew and marine life.
Sustainable Practices
Chemistry contributes to the development of environmentally friendly practices, such as biodegradable lubricants and cleaning agents, which help in reducing the environmental footprint of maritime operations.
Conclusions
The coexistence of Green Shipping with Chemistry is very successful and continuous. Chemistry is considerably supporting and developing Green Shipping by devoting a lot of original and on-going research to this target.
The benefits expected by the successful coexistence of Green Shipping with Chemistry will be:
– Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and other pollutants, contributing to cleaner air and water.
– Improvement of fuel efficiency and reduction of emissions which can lead to cost savings for shipping companies in the long run.
– Long-term savings and environmental benefits are expected to offset the initial investment in alternative fuel infrastructure which can be high.
– Establish new practices for the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and promote a more sustainable future for the maritime industry and the Planet.
